1177 B.C The Year Civilization Collapsed by Eric H. Cline

 1177 B.C The Year Civilization Collapsed 

by Eric H. Cline

Dr. Eric Cline was born September 1, 1960, in the United States. He received his BA in Classical Archaeology at Dartmouth College in 1982. In 1984 he received his MA in Near Eastern Languages and Literature from Yale, and his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania on a Fulbright scholarship in 1991. He was also awarded the NEH Public Scholar grant the very first year they were offered. Dr. Cline is an experienced archaeologist with over 30 seasons out in the field mostly, in the eastern Mediterranean, with 10 of those seasons working on the ancient city of Megiddo, which is also known as Armageddon (This is the reason Christian fundamentalists tend to be hard-core pro-Israel and support their more bellicose policies.  They require the Jews to be back there, and to be attacked at Megiddo by all their neighbors to trigger the End Times. {Not quite, Armageddon is where the last Christians take refuge and are attacked by the Anti-Christ, ending the Tribulation, modern versions add in the Israelis.  Getting attacked by their neighbors happens before that} Fair.  Either way, there’s the whole “we need a second Shoah” bit.). Recently he helped discover the oldest well cellar in the near east, which is something to respect as drinking booze is one of the oldest human activities on record, and for my own part, I've delighted in grossing people out by sharing the recipe for the oldest booze on record (Can Confirm.) He is currently a Professor of Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies and of Anthropology at George Washington University in Washington D.C. As you might imagine, he is an accomplished author or editor of over 20 books and his works have been translated into 18 languages. Today, as my clever readers have no doubt figured out, we are reviewing 1177 B.C The Year Civilization Collapsed. Published in 2014 the book covers the Late Bronze Age world and the Bronze Age Collapse, attempting to see if we can figure out just what happened and why. The book was well-received and was awarded the 2014 Award for the best popular book by the American schools of oriental research, New York Post's best book of 2014, The Federalist's notable books of 2015 (We won’t hold that against it.), the Australian best books of the Year. Let's take a look, shall we? 

The book gives us a tour of the Bronze age world centered on the eastern Mediterranean. This was a world dominated by powerful multinational empires like Egypt and the Hittites, along with smaller but wealthy and culturally influential powers like the Minoans, Cypriots, and others. The Mycenaeans of Greece sailed and traded among them as did Babylonians, Assyrians, and Canaanites. It was a deeply interconnected world of trade and diplomacy with treaties and agreements binding states into multi-layered relationships. These great nations were at the center of a web of trade that stretched from the tin mines of Great Britain to Afghanistan. We know this because we have found and can read the treaties, one set was even etched into tablets of solid silver! (There is also, as I recall, direct evidence of trade links by way of pottery and other identifiable cultural artifacts.) We have found the shipwrecks carrying tons of goods and letters of merchants attesting to their travels and trade. It was a world of cities, massive palaces and temples; monuments that stretched into the sky where legions of scribes, priests, and tradesmen labored fed by the unending toil of the untold farmers who grew crops alongside rivers whose very names conjure images, like the Nile, Tigris, and the Euphrates. It was a doomed world, wherein over a span of between 40 to 50 years, just about every one of the mighty cities would be abandoned ruins, the nations burning wrecks, and only the Egyptians and Assyrians - greatly reduced and huddled in their easily defensible core territories - would survive to see the new age coming. The destruction was so total that we would doubt the very existence of some of those nations and empires until only recently finding physical traces of their existence within the last few decades. To this very day, we're still not entirely sure just what the hell happened (Which is so cool.  Highly interconnected systems like this are normally pretty easy to change, but hard to collapse entirely because of internal redundancies.  Start hammering on multiple linkages though… and they enter death-spirals.)

Dr. Cline spends the majority of this book giving us a tour of the Bronze Age world so we could see exactly what was lost and how far the fall was. He does this by giving us a brief overview of each power but focusing more on their relationships with each other, which were fairly complex and multi-layered. At this point, international trade had developed into an interesting form that was conducted as part gift-giving between royal houses, tribute, and the flat out trade of goods and services for other goods and services. Much of this is centered on Egypt in the book, which makes sense as much of what we have from the period is due to Egyptian records (Which were extensive, obsessively kept, and in redundant forms.  The Egyptians had a state bureaucracy that was a thing to behold, and as I recall, they planned their economy, which means lots of very mundane records. {Same with the Hittites who kept vast troves of documents}). However, Dr. Cline warns us that we can't take the Egyptians too literally. The goal of an Egyptian scholar writing at the time to present a record that flatters and bolsters the power of the ruling Pharaoh not to present an objective record of events after all (This is because the Pharaoh was basically a god-king.). We also look at things from the view of the Hittites, and Dr. Cline takes some time to discuss the Trojan war here. This may have been a conflict between the Hittite Empire and an alliance of Mycenaean kings for control of the Ionian coast (Turkish coast today) and the Aegean sea. Which tells us that some conflicts simply never stop (Because this one recurs a few times like a bad dream through history.). Much like how this conflict drove relations between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire or how it reoccurs between Greece and Turkey today, this conflict seems to color every aspect of Hittite/Mycenaean relations. To the point where we have records of exasperated Hittite Emperors attempting to embargo the Mycenaeans from trade to try and bring them to heel. Dr. Cline bases these discussions on archaeological evidence and the eternal quest of archaeologists in the Eastern Mediterranean to figure out just how much of the myths and legends we grew up with actually happened (Many legends and myths have some historical basis, even if they grow in the telling.  It’s actually really impressive, given that literacy almost died during the Collapse, and cultures went with them.  For the Trojan War to have survived really is impressive.). That said I've made my peace with the fact that if there was an Achilles-like figure, he never actually fought a river into submission.  This is sad but let's be honest that was never likely (Or possible.{Still awesome}).  That said, it's clear that there were plenty of battles over a city between contingents of Hittite and Mycenaean troops that the poet - or more likely poets - we know as Homer were drawing their inspiration from something that actually happened. Of course, the most likely battle is dated to just before the destruction descended on the Bronze Age World in earnest.  So it's possible to think of this war as the last hurrah of the Mycenaeans because before the century was out, all of their cities and palaces would be empty ruins and the destruction of their culture so complete that they would regress to a pre-literate state from which a very different Greek culture would emerge (Which is one reason the story got so fantastical.  It survived as an oral tradition until civilization rebuilt itself.). 

Now, this isn't an exhaustive look at the culture or government of the nations of the Bronze Age but it does make for a decent introduction. Although Dr. Cline doesn't really discuss the Mesopotamian states or stray too far from the shores of the eastern Mediterranean. Additionally, Dr. Cline is careful to stick to what he can back up, so he avoids taking any real position on a number of the academic fights that he outlines in this book. Most of these fights are over just what brought about the Bronze Age Collapse in the first place. For most of the debate, the accepted answer has been outside invasion by a group of people, or more accurately peoples, known collectively as the Sea Peoples. Of course, we don't know much about them, like where did they come from, how did they get to the heart of the Bronze Age World with no one seeing them coming, why isn’t it until the Egyptians stopped one of their invasions no one was able to stand up to them, just who were these people? It's possible that they may have come from Sicily or Italy, or even parts farther west. Others have suggested they came from the Aegean tribes, or Central Europe others that they were simply soldiers and others driven to banditry by the collapse itself. I admit I find that last one intriguing as many ruined cities show heavy damage to the elite parts of the city (where the palaces and temples would be) but not much damage elsewhere. In the case of an enemy sacking your city, they tend to do as much damage to the parts of the city holding the poor and middle class as they do the wealthy. A popular uprising on the other hand... Now increasingly academics don't like putting the collapse all on the shoulders of the Sea Peoples, for one thing, there are plenty of cities that show being abandoned without any evidence of warfare and there's little evidence of the Sea Peoples being as omnipresent as imagination likes to suggest. Others have blamed a high period of earthquakes as some cities seem flattened by natural disasters but the Bronze Age had dealt with natural disasters before. Dr. Cline does point to recent evidence that the Bronze Age collapse happens at the high point of a century-long drought and the famines that long droughts invariably bring. Although interestingly enough there is no archaeological evidence of widespread plague, no mass graves or written prayers for the gods to send healing, only some localized outbreaks that burnt out fairly quickly (It is worth noting that a volcanic eruption - and I seem to recall one happening around this time - could conceivably alter weather patterns or negatively affect crop production in huge swaths of the eastern med.  Without a food surplus, these cities with specialized divisions of labor simply cannot exist.{Without a food surplus it’s hard for anything to exist, our lives are based on the idea that we don’t all have to spend most of our time raising food to eat}). 

It's here that Dr. Cline stakes out a position, arguing that it was a combination of the above that broke apart the system of diplomacy and trade and isolated each of the Bronze Age powers. With the international system so thoroughly broken apart the Bronze Age powers did not have the resources to deal with a wave of earthquakes, drought, and famine, and external invasion happening either all at once or close enough together that no one could really focus their resources on fixing any single problem before all the problems starting pulling them down. To be honest, I kind of favor this myself, I can see a power clearly weakened by disasters, with enemies hammering their strongholds, while drought and famine sap the strength of their people until the marginal peoples on the edge of the empire, or the downtrodden people within the empire find a crack and... Just. Start. Pulling. I mean think about last year, it wasn't any single event that made us feel like we were going off the rails, it was the constant hit of one thing after another (And even COVID is the result of systemic causes that we have yet to address.  We ain’t done, folks.). They all fed into each other as well, which I could see happening in an event like the Bronze Age Collapse, a sort of negative feedback loop if you will. After the year we've had I think we can appreciate just how quickly things can pile up. If this is a subject you're not very familiar with and would like to learn more about, I think this book is a good start. The back of the book even has a list of names so you can keep track of people and notes for each chapter. Of course, if you're not interested in archaeology or the Bronze Age, I think you might find this a bit dry. Dr. Cline spends a lot of time reviewing different archaeological sites and what we learned from them. I'm giving 1177 B.C The Year Civilization Collapsed by Eric H. Cline an A- for that. 

This work was chosen by our ever-wise patrons for review and I hoped you enjoyed it.  If you would like a vote on upcoming books and themes consider joining us at https://www.patreon.com/frigidreads for as little as a dollar a month.  Next month assuming no last minute upsets in the voting (polls are open until the end of the month) we’ll be looking at Adjustment Team, followed by Adjustment Bureau, Twilight Zone’s Gabe’s Story and ending with the film Dark City.  All part of our February tradition looking at the work and influence of Philip K Dick.  Until then, stay safe and as always Keep Reading.

Red Text is your editor Dr. Ben Allen

Black Text is your reviewer Garvin Anders

GI Joe Real American Hero Vol VII By Larry Hama

 GI Joe Real American Hero Vol VII

By Larry Hama

“No one ever died for a typewriter” Roadblock page 191

Hello everyone and welcome back to the read series! Where I, your humble reviewer, read works selected by our ever-wise patrons or by myself and try to give you an idea of whether or not they're worth your time. I do this in partnership or in battle with your editor as the situation dictates (All power to the proletariat!{Y'all see what I'm dealing with here}). Now to celebrate all of us escaping the year of our Lord 2020 AD (But remember, the systemic problems are still there so 2021 is gonna be interesting too.  {Yeah... It's okay to take a couple weeks off though and celebrate guys}) let's turn to one of the great American comic book series, GI Joe. At this point being the seventh review, there's not much more I can add about Larry Hama, other than he doesn't get enough credit (And they should let him write Scrooge McDuck.). Volume 7 covers issue 61 to issue 70, running from July 1987 to April 1988, let's jump in shall we. Warning, these comics are older than most of you so... Spoilers. (A note, my commentary below is using real-world logic, not comic book logic.)

To sum up the situation briefly, the Joes have suffered some losses against Cobra.   Cobra, having its ownership of Cobra Island in the Gulf of Mexico internationally recognized combined with an assault on the Pitt successfully destroying the base (but since none of the Joes were in the Pitt at the time, it's not that great a loss), is riding high on the other hand. However, Cobra Commander is out of touch with his organization, literally because he is operating out of a car garage and the bulk of Cobra is following the orders of Serpentor, whom I'm increasingly seeing as an evil Captain America (I unironically love Steve Rogers because he’s a 1930s American SocDem but you know the commentary I am biting back here.). The Joes are still in operation and the volume opens up with Hawk briefing Stalker, Outback, Quick Kick, and Snow Job on a covert rescue operation, into the People's Democratic Republic of Borovia (which seems to be some fusion of East Germany and Yugoslavia or Albania, as they don't seem to be part of the Warsaw Pact proper). The PDRB has arrested an American reporter on false spy charges (Are they actually false? {It’s never really confirmed one way or another}) and is threatening to execute him, which alarms the Defense department and the decision has been made to break him out (A reporter about to be executed alarming the DoD indicates to me that the charges are legit.  Just saying.{Eh, the US government does get involved if regular US citizens get imprisoned} It does, but not usually with extraction teams.). With our four joes working with a local dissident, the break-in into the Borovia secret police's main prison goes great. Unfortunately, the reporter isn't there, having been secretly traded for a captured communist spy just that morning by the State Department (So, the answer is no.  Not false.{Disagree, he could just have powerful friends}). A trade so secret, they didn't bother to tell the damn Defense Department which leaves the Joes holding the bag (Well at least they got the US State Department right…). Things go from bad to worse; only one Joe is escaping this and the others are going to have to face the gulags of a repressive Eastern European State (Well, yes…). On top of that, because they were officially discharged for the duration of the mission the Defense Department has been ordered to conduct no rescue mission (Wow, dick move DoD, of course I expect that too.). Something that is causing considerable friction and angst within the Joe team (Being betrayed will do that.). This is the A-plot, if you will, of the volume and we see the captured Joes struggle to stay physically healthy and also avoid falling into despair and degradation. If you're not at least a little moved by Stalker's stubborn resistance and efforts to maintain his dignity and self-respect in a system that is built to strip it from you then I don't know what to tell you. 

Before I get to the other plots, there are a couple of things I want to touch on. Some folks are going to declare that it's unrealistic that the State Department wouldn't tell the Defense Department what it was doing. Folks this happens all the damn time! Some of it is by accident, I mean the government is a big place and it's easy for a message to get lost. Some of it is on purpose, the Defense and State Departments often jostle each other's elbows in the wilder parts of the world and neither side likes it. When they're not getting flat out framed or led down the garden path by our intelligence agencies (Which is all the time.  The CIA for example is just fucking evil on an institutional level.). It doesn't help that often one side gets blamed for the other's screw-ups on top of that. For example, Blackwater or Academi as they are currently called on their... 5th rebranding I think? You hear of them and you think of mercenaries working for the military right? They were originally hired by the State Department who wanted security independent from the Defense Department (Fun fact, they've also been hired by the Department of Homeland Security[Which is full of fash, just like the mercenaries they hire]) this left the troops often cleaning up the messes left behind often with no warning (Because the UCMJ does not apply to scum like Blackwater, the legal situation gets murky when they commit war crimes.  And that’s when the Orangenführer doesn’t pardon them.  To say nothing of the wrench they throw in diplomacy.). So trust me guys, this is completely-situation-normal. Also, I hate to say it but so is guys being left behind, at the end of the day the primary concern of a military commander is completing the mission (And broadly supporting the political interests of the state.  War is politics by other means.  Politics can include the personal and economic interests of those in power, by the way.). So despite all that 'No man left behind' marketing, people can and have been left behind. Now I'll say I've seen heroic levels of action by people on the front lines not to leave anyone behind but there's only so much you can do and Mr. Hama brings that home brutally here (Moral of the story: while your battle-siblings care what happens to you, command and indeed the state… don’t.  Unless it is convenient.{I would note that command prefers you alive and whole, but the mission comes first and if you got to go down to complete the mission, well that’s why we gave you the big life insurance policy}).  This is one of the things that Mr. Hama does to turn GI Joe from something that could have just been shilling toys to a memorable work of fiction, grounding it in reality and working to use that reality to present a story with sometimes fantastical events.  Even if it’s a bit depressing at times.  Let's... Let's turn to the B Plot. 

Back in the states, Billy has had enough of CC's crap and walks out. Ironically this seems to kill any ambition that Cobra Commander has, because he tells Fred and Raptor he's cutting out to rebuild a normal life and try to win his son's respect at least if he can't get his forgiveness (Fat chance of that.). Fred doesn't take this well and after an emotional confrontation ends up leaving Cobra Commander in a shallow grave in the woods (Nice.). It's then that Fred realizes that only a handful of people ever really knew CC so... CC could be... Anyone behind that mask. This leads to Fred deciding that if there's a Cobra Commander sized hole in Cobra's organizational chart, nothing is stopping him from turning that into a Fred sized hole and filling it (You know, I admit the gumption.). So off he heads off in Cobra Commanders new enhanced battle armor determined to hijack for himself command of the world's biggest terrorist group/secret society (or is it the world's smallest nation-state now? Hmmm). Of course, Serpentor's gonna have something to say about that but we're going to put a pin into that because this is the beginning of a giant storyline that I'll want to tackle all at once. 

Meanwhile, Billy finds himself drawn to a dojo run by a blind black man who seems to know a damn lot about Storm Shadow, aka Billy's real dad. He also finds himself with the dojo master's best student, a young lady who goes by the name Jinx. Of course, they're both members of the Arashikage Clan and they decide to take Billy to the Joes to meet up with Storm Shadow. The blind black man was none other than the Blind Master of the clan, who worked to disappear after the clan fell apart. Going so far as to have his tattoo removed. I am going to say that the Arashikage policy of adopting people outside of Japan does make sense, after all, if you're going to run a family business of being spies, assassins, and so on, you can't afford to be all the same ethnic group. On the flip side tattooing, the members of your secret society (especially on the forearm!) doesn't make sense but I suppose we needed something (It’s Comic Book Ninja Logic just roll with it.). 

Our two plots collide as the Blind Master decides to help the Joes by organizing a rescue for the imprisoned Joes in Borovia. He does this by going outside of the Joe command structure (Which makes sense, because they’re stuck following orders from the DoD, which as we’ve established doesn’t give a shit about any of them.) and rounding up all the ninja and ninja adjacent characters (which is about 6 at this point since this is before the ninja bit got really out of control) faking a couple of deaths here and there and heading off to Eastern Europe for a jailbreak. What's more interesting to me is the discussions between Storm Shadow and Billy as they discuss what is a good reason for using violence and more importantly what's a good reason to even learn how to use violence (This is indeed a very good discussion to have, generally.). Storm Shadow maintains the only worthwhile reason to learn skill at violence is so that you don't have to be violent. That the best warrior is one who hates war. I can understand where he's coming from here. When you get down to the bottom of it, war is a waste. It's a waste of resources that could be used for homes, medicine, food, or education and more importantly, it's a waste of lives, health, and sanity. The only thing I can say in war's defense is sometimes humanity makes it necessary to defend your life, freedom, or home through violence. At such a point it is necessary to waste these resources and lives to prevent something worse from happening. Like for example the continuation and expansion of the American slave system, or Nazi domination of Europe (the existence of foreign colonizers and imperialists) or etc., etc., etc. The fact that there are dozens of good examples throughout human history only underscores the point. Our ninja friends will of course use fantastic amounts of wasteful violence to free the Joes from the gulags and escape into Western Europe, along the way meeting a cast of colorful characters such as the White Clown; seeking his love Magda who was arrested by the Borovian secret police and his circus crew. Whether or not the White Clown will aid them or not however is an open question as turning them in might get him the leverage he needs to free his love or at least find out her fate. 

Now some stories in this volume aren't connected to the main plot, for example, Mr. Hama continues the Terrordome saga including such things as a duel between Cobra and GI Joe in orbit! I'm going to leave those stories as discoveries for the reader though with the note that they're worth the read.  We also return to Sierra Gordo to find out that both Cobra and the Joes have been outmaneuvered by an insidious 3rd party straight from my editor's nightmares (Oh no…). But I'll leave that story for Vol VIII since most of the story takes place there. While there's a lot of setup in Vol VII, there is a complete plot here and it's a good one. Volume VII of GI Joe A Real American Hero by Larry Hama starts us out in 2021 with an A. 

Next week we look at the other work selected by our ever-wise patrons 1177 BC the year civilization collapsed by Eric H Cline.  If you like to celebrate the new year by making a change why not become one of our patrons by joining us at https://www.patreon.com/frigidreads where a dollar a month gets you a vote on our monthly poll for upcoming reviews and you can take part in discussions on possible theme months.  Like for example, February is our Philip K Dick month where we look at a story written by Mr. Dick and its many adaptations. Voting for February closes on January 31 with March's poll going up on February 1st. Hope to see you there!

Red Text is your editor Dr. Ben Allen

Black text is your reviewer Garvin Anders.

God's Demon By Wayne Barlowe

 God's Demon

By Wayne Barlowe 

Wayne Barlowe was born on January 6th, 1958 in Glen Cove, New York to Sy and Dorothea Barlowe, both of whom are well-known natural history artists. He attended the Cooper Union for the Advancement of the Science and Art starting in 1976 and in 1977, he also apprenticed in the Exhibition Department of The American Museum of Natural History. It was during this that he collaborated with his parents on what would be the first of many book assignments, the Instant Nature Guide to Insects (I think I used to have this book.). In 1979 he also old his first self-created book, Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials, written in the same style as a field guide for wildlife, it received mixed reviews, I suppose it was a bit ahead of its time considering that we devour books like that these days. This didn't slow Mr. Barlowe down, however. He went on to illustrate over 300 books, creating a second book called Expedition, which formed the main inspiration to the Discovery Channel's docufiction special Alien Planet (Holy shit, it’s this guy?!  Yaaassss!) and more. He married noted science fiction editor and agent, Shawna McCarthy, on Jun 26, 1983, I was unable to find out how long the marriage lasted, only that Mr. Barlowe remarried Laura Hansen in 2013. Mr. Barlowe has also been involved in the artwork for movies and films ranging from Babylon 5 Thirdspace (AKA JMS Meets Lovecraft), Hellboy, Harry Potter movies (which did have some really good creature design), and Pacific Rim. God's Demon published in 2007 is his first prose novel however and that's what we'll be focusing on today. 

Now a friend recommended this novel after listening to my low-key grump on how modern fantasy tends to avoid religious themes and issues. Now it is not my intent to say that secular fantasy is bad. Nor is it bad to have secular or atheist characters in your story, although if you're in a setting where the goddess of farming can literally show up for the harvest festival, being an atheist might be a challenge (But notably, not impossible.  What distinguishes things claiming to be gods from other powerful beings that don’t?  And then there are the Chaos Gods, who Good People Don’t Worship.). Of course, you can absolutely write that Iron Age fantasy which is devoid of any real religion or gods, just be prepared for me to ask what takes the role of religion in those societies? My issue is when writers create societies that deeply reflect our own medieval or classical societies, often adding in, active gods and... No one has any real religious or theological concerns or urges? This tends to end up with characters feeling like 21st century first worlders dropped into another world instead of characters that actually grew up in a completely different society which is a whole another gripe that I'm pretty sure my editor and many of you have memorized at this point (Oh yes.  Very much so.). God's Demon however places a theological concern dead center of the story and makes themes of faith and religion unavoidable. Because God's Demon takes place in hell, as in the place you go if you die in a state of sin, the place where the Fallen Angels of Lucifer's Rebellion were exiled and became Demons. 

The Demons are not comfortable in Hell, because hell is a savage and brutal environment and even Demons can be injured just by traveling exposed to its infernally hot winds (I would be annoyed…). They responded to this by rallying around their old leaders from the rebellion and building cities and fortresses from which to rule fiefdoms they carved from the deeply hostile surroundings (Demonic feudalism… Marx’s Beard…{There are also natives that pre-exist them and the Demons treat them as something to hunt for sport} Ugh.). By the time of the novel, just about every Demon is enmeshed in a complex feudal hierarchy leading from the least overseer to the Prince of Hell himself Beelzebub, who rules from the twisted city of Dis (Otherwise known as Phoenix.{our streets are too wide and straight, plus we don’t light the city by burning people} No, but getting in your car feels like a burning coffin.{That’s just because you refused to fix your bloody AC for years you goof!} That was before the car was even started!). The Demons power their lifestyles through the use of human souls. The cities are built of bricks made out of human souls, they create beasts of burden and war from them, books, weapons, just about everything  (So when Faust sold his soul to the devil, he was destined to become… a hammer.{you stop that} What?  I was just thinking of a random tool!  Honestly!). This is done because it's honestly easier than using Hell's natural resources and the Demons justify it by not only considering themselves a superior lifeform to humanity (which was also the justification for their Rebellion in the first place) and arguing that any human who shows up in hell deserves it. As well as some Demons suggesting that spending eternity as a wall brick is frankly getting off light for some of them (Like Giles de Rais!  Most prolific serial killer of children ever.  Hundreds of child-bodies were excavated from the castle walls of Joan of Arc’s BFF, and the judge at his trial begged the prosecution to stop presenting evidence because it damaged his faith in a benevolent God.). Of course, humans who stand out in their depravity get worse punishments. Most humans are just stripped of their identities and memories and turned into a workforce that can also serve as building materials if there is any shortage. On top of that Hell has native lifeforms and peoples that the Demons battle with, hunt, and exploit. While these are dangerous creatures that are frankly better adapted for the dangers and conditions of Hell, they cannot match the Demon's abilities to use magic or the Demon's exploitation of souls to create fortification and weapons. So even the sapient natives of Hell have been pushed to the margins and are hunted. 

However, not all is settled in Hell, Beelzebub the Lord of flies is not Lucifer but instead his chosen regent. The arch rebel himself has not been seen since the early days of the fall. Beelzebub's laws are simple, Demons may war upon each other but the Demon Lords are not allowed to conquer or kill one another, only to constantly trade territory back and forth. There is to be no grace, no generosity, no beauty, nothing but reveling in their debased and debauched state (Ugh.  Come on demons, at least try to better yourselves.  Prove to YHWH that you are better…). Above all else, there is to be no hope of betterment and certainly no thought of redemption or repentance (Oy veh). The city of Dis, a twisted warren of ugly alleys and crooked streets, is a reflection of this. The souls trapped in this city are inflicted with torment after torment and the Demons who live here do not fare much better. The court of Beelzebub being a pit of paranoia and self-serving social climbing for the sake of it. If you are not careful, the Lord of Flies will dictate your punishment himself. Trapped in this court is Lilith, the first woman (She did not deserve this for wanting to be on top…{You’re missing a chunk of the story there, see when she and Adam had that argument, she left Eden and God… Did nothing to her. Given the argument was basically over who outranked who, the fact that God yanked a rib out of Adam could be read as a rebuke to Adam. Lilith meanwhile hooked up with a Demon or Angel (there’s debate because this is basically Jewish folklore we think is adapted from Babylonian folklore during the captivity [Which is probably is, but that’s a non-negligible portion of the Tanakh.  Of course this whole story is primarily taken from medieval Jewish literature as opposed to anything in Genesis or even subsequent rabbinical texts.]){She's in the dead sea scrolls, also I don't think 8th century counts as medieval!} and gave birth to monsters who attacked people in their sleep.  That pretty much got her tossed into hell.  Lilith was also believed to attack pregnant women and cause miscarriages as well as being responsible for sudden infant death syndrome .  Most of this gets glossed over or ignored in modern takes because then they can’t use her as a cool edgy pseudo feminist figure}), the consort of Lucifer, who before he disappeared, basically sold her to Beelzebub.  Which makes her Beelzebub’s consort whether she likes it or not.  Lilith is not content to suffer however, she plots to escape and more than that to create a society where she can be more than just someone's property. She has to advance her plot by inches as she is under constant surveillance because Beelzebub's greatest law is that he will share Lilith with no one. Not with the souls of her fellow human beings, not with his fellow Demons, and not even with her own hopes and ambitions. Lilith is not the only rebel in hell though (Good). 

The Demon Lord, Sargatanas creator and master of the city Adamantinarx, the closest thing the demons have to a city of beauty and culture has been troubled of late. While he has built a grand city that is the model of government and art and wealth, he is not pleased. When a chance encounter with a soul, forces him to realize that everything he has built is on a foundation of exploitation (Please be the soul of Marx, please be the soul of Marx…{*stares in American*}). It also forces him to realize that the souls he's been using as nothing more than raw materials are in fact people, who aren't that different from him. While Adamantinarx is perhaps the mildest place for a soul in Hell to end up, it's still Hell. Human souls are still at best well-treated slaves, raw materials at worst. This turns Sargatanas to asking himself if his behavior since the war has justified his rebellion or his punishment? And he realizes that his punishment has been justified but he also realizes that there is no reason that his punishment should be eternal (I would say that perhaps the punishment wasn’t justified, but is now…). Sargatanas resolves that he is going to go back to Heaven and find a path to redemption or die trying. This conviction becomes a threat to the very underpinnings of Hellish society and the pursuit of this conviction will overturn every law in Hell. Because Sargatanas’ message of hope and redemption finds a willing audience in the Demons and Souls of Hell and that strikes at everything Beelzebub stands for (Which is… what?  Mean-Spirited hedonism-botery? {No, the idea that only pain and punishment are allowed in Hell.  No relief, no mercy, no grace.  That the Demons are not allowed to even attempt to be better people} Maybe this is a failure of mental imagery on my part.  But from what I see Beelz is like “There is no talk of grace or redemption in hell, we’re stuck here so make the best of it and exploit the damned souls”. Because he does have a rape victim/consort...). 

This story is told through a first-person narrative mostly told through the eyes of Eligor, a Demon Minor and officer in Sargatanas army. While not one of the Demonic Lords, called Demon's Major, he does occupy a privileged position as leader of Sargatanas flying guard. He also often serves as a personal bodyguard and sidekick to Sargatanas giving us a good view of the progression of the rebellion at least from the top down. Another viewpoint is the human soul Hani, who through Lilith's plotting is empowered to confront Sargatanas and strike a deal that might lead to freedom for himself and even possibly all the humans of Hell (Not Marx, but good!). This gives us a more bottom-up view, although it misses out completely on the bottom rungs of demonic society. We also get chapters from Lilith's viewpoint but she's not on the front lines, operating at a bit of a remove. For the most part, she is giving us an outsider's view and the view of a woman trying to create her own future and it's rather compelling. Mr. Barlowe does a good job of giving each of these characters their own voice and combining these voices and viewpoints to give us a fully realized story. It's a story that takes place in a strange, fascinating and excitingly scary world, the characters are interesting and honestly fairly sympathetic. Additionally, it's an action-packed story because the only way Sargatanas can really pursue his redemption and create a space for others to do so is to militarily overthrow Beelzebub and tear down the city of Dis before the Lord of Flies does the same to him. The military confrontations are well done and often nail-biting and the final confrontation is frankly amazing (Excellent!). 

That said, because the story doesn't give us a voice among the lower orders of Demon, we have no idea how the average demon on the street views this. Is Sargatanas quest for redemption something that will actually take hold among them or are they forced to simply march along with the orders of their superiors regardless of their own thoughts and feelings? Another issue I have is simply how human all the characters are. I mean Sargatanas and Lilith certainly carry baggage from their former lives but it ends up being played out via very human reactions and emotions. Now I can't go after Mr. Barlowe too harshly for that because if he made the characters too alien, the readers would be unable to connect to them. However, I think he erred on the side of making them too human and would have liked to see a bit more of a divide between them and human beings. I mean for example we get romantic and sexual behavior in this book from the Demons and I find myself asking... Why? Demons are immortal, they don't age and they don't reproduce, there are no baby Demons running about. So why do Demons have the physical equipment for sexual behavior and the urges to engage in it? (The Lord works in strange and horny ways?) Because we see Demons on all sides engage in it. Now romance is a different matter but it would have been an interesting difference to see Lilith, who was a human being fully capable of romantic feelings and behavior, and the other Demons not so much.  Now, this is balanced out by Hani and other souls having viewpoints that wouldn't fit in well in the modern-day.  They feel like people who have been trapped in an awful situation and now see a way out.  They just don't get as much screen time as the Demons because this isn't primarily their story.  I should also note that theology is a bit basic, you won't see complex or involved arguments here. The problem is that everyone accepts Sargatanas premise that the Demons were wrong to rebel without any debate with the counterargument from Beelzebub about why redemption has no place in hell, get back to your place below me in the pyramid. While I agree with Sargatanas, I would have liked to see someone at least argue with him a little. As it is, it feels like everyone in his feudal domain falls into line with his reasoning way to easily. Despite that, I really did enjoy this book, it's the quest of a single person to create the possibility of something better for himself and the people around him. Sargatanas isn't just trying to get to Heaven but trying to create a path of redemption out of Hell itself. The quest to create some hope, even in the darkest of places is a powerful one and Mr. Barlowe isn't afraid to treat it as the epic action it is. A quick note before giving my grade, this book does take place in Hell, so there are a lot of scenes that could be disturbing. While Mr. Barlowe avoids being explicit or graphic there are disturbing scenes and a good number of them. I wouldn't recommend this book to anyone easily troubled. With that warning, I'm giving God's Demon by Wayne Barlowe a B+ and I do recommend it. 

    So this is our last review of the year, we will be returning in January on the 22nd. If you would like a vote on what the first review of the year will be, consider joining us at https://www.patreon.com/frigidreads where a dollar a month gets you a vote on upcoming reviews, themes, and more. The vote for the first review of the month will close on January 12th. Until then from your editor and myself let me say Happy Holidays, may you and your loved ones stay safe and as always Keep Reading.

Red Text is your editor Dr. Ben Allen Black text is your reviewer Garvin Anders

Perdido Street Station By China Meiville

 Perdido Street Station

By China Meiville

  Dr. Mieville was born in Norwich on September 6th, 1972 but his parents separated fairly soon after he was born and he was moved to the city that clearly maintains an iron hold on his heart and subconscious, London. He grew up with his sister Jemima and his mother Claudia Mieville who was a translator, writer, and teacher. She was born in New York City and because of that Dr. Meiville holds dual citizenship in the US and the UK. For much of his life, his father was absent, they only met a handful of times and his father passed away when Dr. Mieville was 19. When his mother moved out of London in his late teens, Dr. Mieville went on a scholarship to a boarding school, Oakham, a private school (although the English call their private schools, public schools, thus maintaining the separation by common language across the ocean). After spending two fairly unhappy years (Because British boarding schools are often hellpits.) there, he took a gap year in Egypt and Zimbabwe, in Egypt he taught English and developed an interest in Arab culture and Middle Eastern politics before it was cool. After that, he headed off to Cambridge to read English (Basically majoring in English) but feeling constrained by it switched to a much more interesting study of anthropology (I bet that makes you feel validated!). Now before this, he had been involved in the CND and anti-apartheid campaigns but it was at Cambridge that he started a turn towards Marxism (Yaaas!  For reference, Dr. Meiville is a Trotskyite.  I am not going to hold that against him in the name of left-unity.  Trotsky was a pretty cool dude for a human icepick stand.).  He graduated in 1994 and gained a master's degree and Ph.D. in international relations from the London School of Economics in 2001. He also ended up holding a Frank Knox Fellowship at Harvard University for a year. His understandable dissatisfaction with postmodernism to explain historical or political events led him to fully embrace Marxism at that time. 

It was during all of this that he published his first book, King Rat, in 1998, set in a fictionalized version of London's club scene, where a young man deals with the fact that he is half rat and being framed for his father's murder (I mean… dealing with the fact?   That seems like the kind of thing you come to terms with in your teens.{well he finds all of this out after coming home to his father’s dead body and being arrested for the murder} Oh.  That’ll do it.). It was very well received getting nominated for the Bram Stoker Award for first novel and the International Horror Guild Award for first novel. He followed that up with the first book set in his alternate universe of Bas-lag and the City of New Crobuzou, the subject of this week's review. Since then he has won the Arthur C Clarke Award 3 times, the British Fantasy Award twice, Locus Awards, a Hugo award, Nebulas, and more. Additionally, he stood for election in the 2001 general election as a candidate for the Socialist Alliance and was a member of the Socialist Workers Party (My kinda guy.). His works have been for the most part widely considered great examples of the New Weird style of fiction. Which has a lot of conflicting definitions but is mainly interested in mixing things up, merging street culture with ancient mythology, subverting genre expectations, and trying for new mixes of science fiction, fantasy, and often urban writing. I have my own opinions on it but I'll hold on to them for now. For reasons I haven't been able to find he has been a victim of online stalking and harassment as well as outright defamation mostly since 2017. Because of this, I have been very careful to try and use only confirmable information in this work and try my best to avoid spreading anything I wasn't sure of. I do want to take a moment to decry this behavior, just because someone writes something you don't care for is not a reason to harass or stalk them. Dr. Meiville may have personal politics that some dislike (Certainly not your editor.) but he doesn't call for anyone to be harmed or subjected to state violence. There are certainly limits to tolerance, we should never tolerate people who call for the death or brutalization of people for circumstances of their birth for example. Those kinds of beliefs and people have no place here and should be ejected, my advice is don't game with them, don't review them, don't read them. However, someone who wants to advocate for peaceful changes in our political and economic systems (that don't involve going after ethnic groups or marginalized peoples) should be able to do so without being subjected to a campaign of aggression or attack. It is frankly shameful that he has been subjected to such and I'm going to say this, stop stalking, harassing, or otherwise persecuting people whose only issue is that they have beliefs you don't like (Unless of course, such people are calling for your own death or the deaths of others. {At that point it’s self-defense to get rid of them post haste} I have no problem punching Nazis in the face. I just want to make it perfectly clear that Your Reviewer is not endorsing a fascist-tolerant position.  I don’t want him misconstrued.). You're not a hero for doing so, you are in fact one of the bad guys and that's all I have to say about that. Let's instead finally turn to Perdido Street Station shall we? 

Our novel takes place in the city of New Crobuzon built beneath the titanic ribs of some ancient beast, the city serves as a setting and a character within the story. It is a wealthy, powerful city whose influence stretches across the world buoyed by dark magics and darker sciences. Where even the powers of Hell maintain an embassy for the Lord Mayor to maintain relations and avoid certain misunderstandings. It is a savage city where the majority of its citizens groan under gilded age levels of exploitation and oppression, where political parties fight over dividing the people along species lines or uniting across those lines to fight against upper-class interests (Workers of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your chains!). A repressed city where most of its citizens are denied the vote, except for the wealthy and powerful, and those lucky enough to win the suffrage lottery. Where underground unions foment illegal strikes to demand 8 hour working days and minimum wages, where printing the idea maybe the City Militia instead of operating masked or in plain clothes should operate openly and that citizens should have rights beyond what they can buy gets your paper labeled a criminal publication (So basically Czarist Russia and the German Empire, with an Ambassador from Perdition.{With a heavy English flavor, they call their government Parliament after all}). It goes hard for those who make an enemy of the City Militia who lurks in overhead airships and has filled the teeming streets with informers and secret agents. A city where being convicted of the wrong crime can get you not only enslaved but remade. Remaking is something I would label a dark science, where people are reshaped often against their will, in state-owned factories with combinations of biological grafts or cybernetic implants. Often turning men and women into nothing more than intelligent industrial tools for the use of the powerful. I honestly find the technology level truly interesting here because they have airships and something even worse than a nuclear bomb but at the same time, flintlock pistols are the height of personal weaponry. Unless you get convicted of a crime and turned into a living flamethrower or something. New Crobuzon is a city at war with itself, more concerned with keeping its underclass down than fighting organized crime because quite frankly there are times where it's hard to tell organized crime apart from the government (They are one in the same, in such systems.). Despite all of this New Crobuzon is an economic and cultural powerhouse that can reach across the world despite being a single city-state. The artists of the city constantly push boundaries, while the magic users and scientists dig deeper into the mysteries of the universe. As long as they can find people willing to pay for the knowledge anyway. 

Issac Grimnebulin is one of those scientists, even if he's at the barely respectful fringe of scientific society. He lives outside the constraints of academia mainly because he realized that not only was he a terrible teacher and that he hated teaching (I can relate.  I am good at it, I just hate grading.{Every teacher I’ve ever known hates grading}), he hated the fact that he was wrecking his students even more. So he bailed from the university to set up his own lab in a warehouse and using contacts and project work bought and/or looted his own lab equipment and set about doing science for hire to fund his own research. I have to admit I have quite a bit of respect for Issac, as my own time in university was full of professors who didn't give a good damn if they were decent teachers or not. Hell, I had professors who were outright proud of doing a crap job of being teachers, or at least I have no other way of processing a person who walks into a 202 class and brags about a 30 percent failure rate (I had one who was a really good teacher who did that.  But it was because if you can’t understand genetics or won’t do the work, you have no business going into medicine and thus genetics was a weeder course for the Pre-Meds. He didn’t boost that failure rate either.  He gave us all of his old tests. {Sure but there’s a difference between having a subject so complex that a number of students just aren’t gonna get it and bragging about how you like to wash people out of a class that is covering material of moderate difficulty at best} Yes.). Look I get that student apathy and laziness account for a lot but frankly bragging about how you try to boost the failure rate of your class suggests that not only are you a lousy teacher but you're on a sadistic power trip and shouldn't be in the classroom. So full respect to Isaac for refusing to punish bright eager young folks for his disinterest or inability to transmit understanding and instead chose a harder path (And in this capitalist hellscape, it definitely is a hard one.). He's not the only one because there are several Rogue Scientists who are working on disapproved but not disproven theories. Issac also maintains a bit of a roguish lifestyle, this is clearly seen in his relationship with Lin. Lin is an artist which already makes them a strange pair but on top of that Lin is a Khepri, a non-human who very closely resembles a human female body with a large scarab beetle for a head. I don't mean a beetle's head but the whole beetle with wings and legs fused onto a humanoid body. Now all humanoid Khepri are female, the males are lobster sized beetles that are non-sapient. Lin practices a traditional Khepri art using an organic paste that she chews and then extrudes from an orifice in the rear of her head as a fast-drying spit that becomes fairly strong and durable. The Khepri use this to make sculptures via group work but Lin defies that tradition by working alone and focusing on subjects and styles that the Khepri find nontraditional. For example, using tools to enhance the details of her work. She and Issac are lovers in a relationship that is something of an open secret because society demands they at least put some effort into covering it up. Cross relationships or cross-sex as people in this setting call it isn't uncommon and is fine as long as it's causal. It's even considered normal if you just pay for it. Having a loving adult relationship with someone of a different species that involves sex that you both enjoy? That's terrible (Oh the scandal!  I can never judge anyone for this.  If Garrus were real…). On top of that Issac revels in using what some of us call his anarchist and criminals options to gather lab materials and subjects even when it would be less trouble to do it legally (I swear, I only ever use those options when it’s harder to get them legally.). Despite that, or maybe because of it, Issac can publish his work and enjoys a rather high reputation for his work to the point that someone is willing to cross seas, deserts, and all manner of wilderness to hire him to do the impossible, and Issac just can't say no. 

That someone is Yagharek, a garuda from the far off Cymek Desert. The garuda are a race of humanoid bird folk who can fly most likely due to magic since their wings are attached to their shoulders from the back. The same shoulders that their human-like arms are attached to (Yeah, it’s magical. The biomechanics of that just wouldn’t work.). Yagharek has trekked to New Crobuzon on foot because he can't fly anymore. He can't fly anymore because his own people tore his wings off! This was done to him due to a horrible crime he committed against another garuda, which they refer to as choice theft in the second degree with utter disrespect. While the facts of garuda society and beliefs are shared out sparing, spooled out at various points in the narrative. What we learn is that they are a fiercely communal people with a high level of individuality, they believe that an individual can only be fully realized and free within a community. They also believe that stealing a choice from another is the only crime there is. To the garuda, someone who steals your car is committing a crime, but not because they took your property but because they robbed you of the choice to drive your car, to sell it or give it away, or to not use your car at all (Honestly, I kinda like this conception.). All these things are valid choices that have been taken from you by a thief, who has also disrespected you personally by treating you as a resource to exploit rather than a concrete and real person whose choices matter. It's an incredibly interesting world view with some profound implications that we sadly don't really get to dig into. Because while Yagharek's desire to fly again is our inciting incident, it's not the crisis point of the book. Yagharek's obsession with reachiving flight becomes Issac's obsession when Yagharek offers him a bag of pure gold nuggets to get it done and Issac is prepared to do anything he can to make it happen. Unfortunately, an inability to teach isn't Issac's only character flaw, there's also a huge streak of impulsiveness and a tendency to not really think through the implications of his actions. This leaves me wondering how he has avoided burning down his own lab at this point and becoming a cautionary tale to students to think their experiments through lest you burn to death like poor old Issac the rogue scientist (My guess is that the impulsivity only applies operationally, not tactically, so to speak? {Hard to say, he’s one of the guys who does things according to the method but depends more on inspirational jumps then grinding out data from small steps}). Then again Issac does metaphorically end up burning down his lab here, the problem is he might end up taking the city with it! Because of that love of using his criminal and anarchist options? That ends up going poorly when he gets something delivered to him that he really shouldn't have gotten when he asked for examples of all types of flying creatures or creatures that go from a nonflying to flying status. Like, say caterpillars, that are somehow connected to the hot new drug of dreamshit that is taking the city underbelly by storm. Just one pellet will let you experience dozens of other people's dreams, thoughts, and nightmares. No one knows where dreamshit comes from, how it's made, or what it really does to its users but that's not stopping people from jumping on it. So what is this caterpillars' connection? What has Yagharek and Issac stumbled onto and how many people are going to end up paying the cost for it. 

Meanwhile, Lin has managed to get into a tricky entanglement of her own when she is somewhat forcibly hired by the mob boss Mr. Motley. Mr. Motley is clearly insane, having remade his own body so many times that it's actually an amorphous collection of body parts from animals and other races hammered together in a chaotic mockery of a humanoid form (No kink-shaming, but body modification can go too far, kids.). So of course he wants someone to sculpt him so he can enjoy the work of insane art that is his body. Lin is stuck trying to navigate a situation where she keeps enough favor from a man who is clearly unstable that he doesn't beat her to death but doesn't get pulled too deeply into his business that she can never leave. It doesn't help that she does this without telling Issac anything thinking to herself that ignorance is what will keep him safe (Word to the wise, kids.  It is never a good idea to think that not informing someone you love of something like that will keep them safe.). I'm just gonna say this folks, that never works. As Lin and Issac strive to keep their entanglements in the shadowy world of crime a secret from one another, events catch up to them and they find themselves dragged into a dark world of secrets, plots, and deeds fouler than any gutter sleeping homeless man could even dream about because they're the kind of vile sins you can only really do if you have money and minions (The rich really are capable of whole new levels of villainy.{resources and power bring greater opportunity and choice is all} Also I kinda figure it’s like drugs.  The little acts of assholery just don’t cut it after a while, and suddenly you find yourself on Epstein's Island.{I don’t know, seems like there’s plenty of rich dudes who don’t turn into screaming manics}). 

Because the secret behind that caterpillar and the dreamshit drug is the kind of secret that would be ruinous to the government if exposed and worse could lead to the deaths of a lot of people. Because if things do get out of control? An invasive predatory species that is so scary that even demons won't screw around with it could end up getting unleashed on the city. A city that for all its skill in dark magic and dark science has no idea how to combat a threat like this and whose government has of course taken every step necessary to ensure that they will be exposed to this threat if even a low-level clerk makes the wrong move (Which they always do, eventually.). This is on top of the unrest and simmering discontent of a population being ground under in the worse of Gilded age excess and aggressive upper-class heel grinding (Eat the Rich {Please note this review does not condone eating people}). Because adding to the tension is the fact that the unions are stirring and people like Derkhan Blueday, art critic by day, socialist muckraker by night are frantically working to expose as much government corruption and double-dealing as they can (My spirit animal.). Derkhan is also, unfortunately for her, a friend of Issac and Lin's so when the tide of events threatens to pull them under, she's going right along with them. Meanwhile, a remade who has slipped his leash named Jack Half A Prayer is outright fomenting armed revolution by murdering Militia members and informants whenever he can find them (Good {considering they torture and kill without trail, I’m feeling at very worse this is a gander and goose situation, at best, justified resistance} At that point it’s like giving Nazis a drumhead-trial in the woods.  Nothing of value is lost.). Most of this is happening in the background but bubbles over into the main story with Jack functioning as more of a Chekov's Gun than an actual character. There's in fact a number of these in the story that help the setting feel very real, like a trio of adventurers that get hired to help out Issac, much to his disgust, that plainly signal that Dr. Mieville has not only played a good amount of D&D but was often a character of less than sterling motives. Which makes him a member of a long and proud tradition if we're going, to be honest. 

Perdido Street Station is a sordid and epic tale featuring flawed but mostly decent protagonists whose own mistakes and talents have placed them in a horrible and deadly situation. Issac, Derkhan, and the others aren't hardened adventurers or professionals in violence but people from the fringes of respectable society who lose their grip on that fringe and find themselves in the dark underbelly with little in the way of recourse or hope of rescue beyond what they can provide for themselves. As such they are up against vastly more powerful and dangerous opponents and enemies but they're not without advantages. Issac's talents manage to win him allies in strange places and Derkhan's journalistic skills lend themselves well to disguise and stealth. Of course in a world where reporting the truth is a crime, journalists have to adopt more criminal methods than ones we would be used to. The setting presented is fantastic in the extreme but feels very real, as Dr. Mieville presents a place with wonders and terrors, with people trying to do good, despite all manner of degradation and degeneracy going on. The book itself has a bit of a slow start but once the main threat shows up speeds rapidly with the pace getting a bit odd at the end. The ending itself however is full of consequences and is rather hard-hitting. I do think some elements could have used some work, for example maybe Jack could have been a character instead of a plot device, given the role he plays in the end. The plot itself is well done but some parts feel over-padded like Issac's first attempts at figuring out flight and some parts could be cut out completely like his trip to the squatter's town outside of New Crobuzon that ended up having no impact on the story or the plot at all. That said, I would never have believed that this was Dr. Mievilles second novel, it reads like a veteran work and I can see how it earned the reputation it has as a stand out example of new weird fiction. For myself, I'm giving Perdido Street Station by China Mieville an A-. It's not without its flaws but in my opinion, managed to rise above them to deliver a hell of a read. 

    So the end of this year is thankfully soon upon us.  With the last book of the year having been chosen by our ever-wise Patrons God's Demon by Wayne Barlowe.  After that, the review series will return on the 22nd of January.  If you like a vote on what review we greet 2021 with, consider joining us at https://www.patreon.com/frigidreads where a vote is as little as a dollar a month.  We will see you next week and until then, stay safe and Keep Reading. 

Red Text is your editor Dr. Ben Allen
Black Text is your reviewer Garvin Anders