Friday, January 29, 2021

1177 B.C The Year Civilization Collapsed by Eric H. Cline

 1177 B.C The Year Civilization Collapsed 

by Eric H. Cline


Dr. Eric Cline was born September 1, 1960, in the United States. He received his BA in Classical Archaeology at Dartmouth College in 1982. In 1984 he received his MA in Near Eastern Languages and Literature from Yale, and his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania on a Fulbright scholarship in 1991. He was also awarded the NEH Public Scholar grant the very first year they were offered. Dr. Cline is an experienced archaeologist with over 30 seasons out in the field mostly, in the eastern Mediterranean, with 10 of those seasons working on the ancient city of Megiddo, which is also known as Armageddon (This is the reason Christian fundamentalists tend to be hard-core pro-Israel and support their more bellicose policies.  They require the Jews to be back there, and to be attacked at Megiddo by all their neighbors to trigger the End Times. {Not quite, Armageddon is where the last Christians take refuge and are attacked by the Anti-Christ, ending the Tribulation, modern versions add in the Israelis.  Getting attacked by their neighbors happens before that} Fair.  Either way, there’s the whole “we need a second Shoah” bit.). Recently he helped discover the oldest well cellar in the near east, which is something to respect as drinking booze is one of the oldest human activities on record, and for my own part, I've delighted in grossing people out by sharing the recipe for the oldest booze on record (Can Confirm.) He is currently a Professor of Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies and of Anthropology at George Washington University in Washington D.C. As you might imagine, he is an accomplished author or editor of over 20 books and his works have been translated into 18 languages. Today, as my clever readers have no doubt figured out, we are reviewing 1177 B.C The Year Civilization Collapsed. Published in 2014 the book covers the Late Bronze Age world and the Bronze Age Collapse, attempting to see if we can figure out just what happened and why. The book was well-received and was awarded the 2014 Award for the best popular book by the American schools of oriental research, New York Post's best book of 2014, The Federalist's notable books of 2015 (We won’t hold that against it.), the Australian best books of the Year. Let's take a look, shall we? 


The book gives us a tour of the Bronze age world centered on the eastern Mediterranean. This was a world dominated by powerful multinational empires like Egypt and the Hittites, along with smaller but wealthy and culturally influential powers like the Minoans, Cypriots, and others. The Mycenaeans of Greece sailed and traded among them as did Babylonians, Assyrians, and Canaanites. It was a deeply interconnected world of trade and diplomacy with treaties and agreements binding states into multi-layered relationships. These great nations were at the center of a web of trade that stretched from the tin mines of Great Britain to Afghanistan. We know this because we have found and can read the treaties, one set was even etched into tablets of solid silver! (There is also, as I recall, direct evidence of trade links by way of pottery and other identifiable cultural artifacts.) We have found the shipwrecks carrying tons of goods and letters of merchants attesting to their travels and trade. It was a world of cities, massive palaces and temples; monuments that stretched into the sky where legions of scribes, priests, and tradesmen labored fed by the unending toil of the untold farmers who grew crops alongside rivers whose very names conjure images, like the Nile, Tigris, and the Euphrates. It was a doomed world, wherein over a span of between 40 to 50 years, just about every one of the mighty cities would be abandoned ruins, the nations burning wrecks, and only the Egyptians and Assyrians - greatly reduced and huddled in their easily defensible core territories - would survive to see the new age coming. The destruction was so total that we would doubt the very existence of some of those nations and empires until only recently finding physical traces of their existence within the last few decades. To this very day, we're still not entirely sure just what the hell happened (Which is so cool.  Highly interconnected systems like this are normally pretty easy to change, but hard to collapse entirely because of internal redundancies.  Start hammering on multiple linkages though… and they enter death-spirals.)


Dr. Cline spends the majority of this book giving us a tour of the Bronze Age world so we could see exactly what was lost and how far the fall was. He does this by giving us a brief overview of each power but focusing more on their relationships with each other, which were fairly complex and multi-layered. At this point, international trade had developed into an interesting form that was conducted as part gift-giving between royal houses, tribute, and the flat out trade of goods and services for other goods and services. Much of this is centered on Egypt in the book, which makes sense as much of what we have from the period is due to Egyptian records (Which were extensive, obsessively kept, and in redundant forms.  The Egyptians had a state bureaucracy that was a thing to behold, and as I recall, they planned their economy, which means lots of very mundane records. {Same with the Hittites who kept vast troves of documents}). However, Dr. Cline warns us that we can't take the Egyptians too literally. The goal of an Egyptian scholar writing at the time to present a record that flatters and bolsters the power of the ruling Pharaoh not to present an objective record of events after all (This is because the Pharaoh was basically a god-king.). We also look at things from the view of the Hittites, and Dr. Cline takes some time to discuss the Trojan war here. This may have been a conflict between the Hittite Empire and an alliance of Mycenaean kings for control of the Ionian coast (Turkish coast today) and the Aegean sea. Which tells us that some conflicts simply never stop (Because this one recurs a few times like a bad dream through history.). Much like how this conflict drove relations between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire or how it reoccurs between Greece and Turkey today, this conflict seems to color every aspect of Hittite/Mycenaean relations. To the point where we have records of exasperated Hittite Emperors attempting to embargo the Mycenaeans from trade to try and bring them to heel. Dr. Cline bases these discussions on archaeological evidence and the eternal quest of archaeologists in the Eastern Mediterranean to figure out just how much of the myths and legends we grew up with actually happened (Many legends and myths have some historical basis, even if they grow in the telling.  It’s actually really impressive, given that literacy almost died during the Collapse, and cultures went with them.  For the Trojan War to have survived really is impressive.). That said I've made my peace with the fact that if there was an Achilles-like figure, he never actually fought a river into submission.  This is sad but let's be honest that was never likely (Or possible.{Still awesome}).  That said, it's clear that there were plenty of battles over a city between contingents of Hittite and Mycenaean troops that the poet - or more likely poets - we know as Homer were drawing their inspiration from something that actually happened. Of course, the most likely battle is dated to just before the destruction descended on the Bronze Age World in earnest.  So it's possible to think of this war as the last hurrah of the Mycenaeans because before the century was out, all of their cities and palaces would be empty ruins and the destruction of their culture so complete that they would regress to a pre-literate state from which a very different Greek culture would emerge (Which is one reason the story got so fantastical.  It survived as an oral tradition until civilization rebuilt itself.)


Now, this isn't an exhaustive look at the culture or government of the nations of the Bronze Age but it does make for a decent introduction. Although Dr. Cline doesn't really discuss the Mesopotamian states or stray too far from the shores of the eastern Mediterranean. Additionally, Dr. Cline is careful to stick to what he can back up, so he avoids taking any real position on a number of the academic fights that he outlines in this book. Most of these fights are over just what brought about the Bronze Age Collapse in the first place. For most of the debate, the accepted answer has been outside invasion by a group of people, or more accurately peoples, known collectively as the Sea Peoples. Of course, we don't know much about them, like where did they come from, how did they get to the heart of the Bronze Age World with no one seeing them coming, why isn’t it until the Egyptians stopped one of their invasions no one was able to stand up to them, just who were these people? It's possible that they may have come from Sicily or Italy, or even parts farther west. Others have suggested they came from the Aegean tribes, or Central Europe others that they were simply soldiers and others driven to banditry by the collapse itself. I admit I find that last one intriguing as many ruined cities show heavy damage to the elite parts of the city (where the palaces and temples would be) but not much damage elsewhere. In the case of an enemy sacking your city, they tend to do as much damage to the parts of the city holding the poor and middle class as they do the wealthy. A popular uprising on the other hand... Now increasingly academics don't like putting the collapse all on the shoulders of the Sea Peoples, for one thing, there are plenty of cities that show being abandoned without any evidence of warfare and there's little evidence of the Sea Peoples being as omnipresent as imagination likes to suggest. Others have blamed a high period of earthquakes as some cities seem flattened by natural disasters but the Bronze Age had dealt with natural disasters before. Dr. Cline does point to recent evidence that the Bronze Age collapse happens at the high point of a century-long drought and the famines that long droughts invariably bring. Although interestingly enough there is no archaeological evidence of widespread plague, no mass graves or written prayers for the gods to send healing, only some localized outbreaks that burnt out fairly quickly (It is worth noting that a volcanic eruption - and I seem to recall one happening around this time - could conceivably alter weather patterns or negatively affect crop production in huge swaths of the eastern med.  Without a food surplus, these cities with specialized divisions of labor simply cannot exist.{Without a food surplus it’s hard for anything to exist, our lives are based on the idea that we don’t all have to spend most of our time raising food to eat})


It's here that Dr. Cline stakes out a position, arguing that it was a combination of the above that broke apart the system of diplomacy and trade and isolated each of the Bronze Age powers. With the international system so thoroughly broken apart the Bronze Age powers did not have the resources to deal with a wave of earthquakes, drought, and famine, and external invasion happening either all at once or close enough together that no one could really focus their resources on fixing any single problem before all the problems starting pulling them down. To be honest, I kind of favor this myself, I can see a power clearly weakened by disasters, with enemies hammering their strongholds, while drought and famine sap the strength of their people until the marginal peoples on the edge of the empire, or the downtrodden people within the empire find a crack and... Just. Start. Pulling. I mean think about last year, it wasn't any single event that made us feel like we were going off the rails, it was the constant hit of one thing after another (And even COVID is the result of systemic causes that we have yet to address.  We ain’t done, folks.). They all fed into each other as well, which I could see happening in an event like the Bronze Age Collapse, a sort of negative feedback loop if you will. After the year we've had I think we can appreciate just how quickly things can pile up. If this is a subject you're not very familiar with and would like to learn more about, I think this book is a good start. The back of the book even has a list of names so you can keep track of people and notes for each chapter. Of course, if you're not interested in archaeology or the Bronze Age, I think you might find this a bit dry. Dr. Cline spends a lot of time reviewing different archaeological sites and what we learned from them. I'm giving 1177 B.C The Year Civilization Collapsed by Eric H. Cline an A- for that. 

This work was chosen by our ever-wise patrons for review and I hoped you enjoyed it.  If you would like a vote on upcoming books and themes consider joining us at https://www.patreon.com/frigidreads for as little as a dollar a month.  Next month assuming no last minute upsets in the voting (polls are open until the end of the month) we’ll be looking at Adjustment Team, followed by Adjustment Bureau, Twilight Zone’s Gabe’s Story and ending with the film Dark City.  All part of our February tradition looking at the work and influence of Philip K Dick.  Until then, stay safe and as always Keep Reading.

Red Text is your editor Dr. Ben Allen

Black Text is your reviewer Garvin Anders


Friday, January 22, 2021

GI Joe Real American Hero Vol VII By Larry Hama

 GI Joe Real American Hero Vol VII

By Larry Hama


“No one ever died for a typewriter” Roadblock page 191


Hello everyone and welcome back to the read series! Where I, your humble reviewer, read works selected by our ever-wise patrons or by myself and try to give you an idea of whether or not they're worth your time. I do this in partnership or in battle with your editor as the situation dictates (All power to the proletariat!{Y'all see what I'm dealing with here}). Now to celebrate all of us escaping the year of our Lord 2020 AD (But remember, the systemic problems are still there so 2021 is gonna be interesting too.  {Yeah... It's okay to take a couple weeks off though and celebrate guys}) let's turn to one of the great American comic book series, GI Joe. At this point being the seventh review, there's not much more I can add about Larry Hama, other than he doesn't get enough credit (And they should let him write Scrooge McDuck.). Volume 7 covers issue 61 to issue 70, running from July 1987 to April 1988, let's jump in shall we. Warning, these comics are older than most of you so... Spoilers. (A note, my commentary below is using real-world logic, not comic book logic.)


To sum up the situation briefly, the Joes have suffered some losses against Cobra.   Cobra, having its ownership of Cobra Island in the Gulf of Mexico internationally recognized combined with an assault on the Pitt successfully destroying the base (but since none of the Joes were in the Pitt at the time, it's not that great a loss), is riding high on the other hand. However, Cobra Commander is out of touch with his organization, literally because he is operating out of a car garage and the bulk of Cobra is following the orders of Serpentor, whom I'm increasingly seeing as an evil Captain America (I unironically love Steve Rogers because he’s a 1930s American SocDem but you know the commentary I am biting back here.). The Joes are still in operation and the volume opens up with Hawk briefing Stalker, Outback, Quick Kick, and Snow Job on a covert rescue operation, into the People's Democratic Republic of Borovia (which seems to be some fusion of East Germany and Yugoslavia or Albania, as they don't seem to be part of the Warsaw Pact proper). The PDRB has arrested an American reporter on false spy charges (Are they actually false? {It’s never really confirmed one way or another}) and is threatening to execute him, which alarms the Defense department and the decision has been made to break him out (A reporter about to be executed alarming the DoD indicates to me that the charges are legit.  Just saying.{Eh, the US government does get involved if regular US citizens get imprisoned} It does, but not usually with extraction teams.). With our four joes working with a local dissident, the break-in into the Borovia secret police's main prison goes great. Unfortunately, the reporter isn't there, having been secretly traded for a captured communist spy just that morning by the State Department (So, the answer is no.  Not false.{Disagree, he could just have powerful friends}). A trade so secret, they didn't bother to tell the damn Defense Department which leaves the Joes holding the bag (Well at least they got the US State Department right…). Things go from bad to worse; only one Joe is escaping this and the others are going to have to face the gulags of a repressive Eastern European State (Well, yes…). On top of that, because they were officially discharged for the duration of the mission the Defense Department has been ordered to conduct no rescue mission (Wow, dick move DoD, of course I expect that too.). Something that is causing considerable friction and angst within the Joe team (Being betrayed will do that.). This is the A-plot, if you will, of the volume and we see the captured Joes struggle to stay physically healthy and also avoid falling into despair and degradation. If you're not at least a little moved by Stalker's stubborn resistance and efforts to maintain his dignity and self-respect in a system that is built to strip it from you then I don't know what to tell you. 


Before I get to the other plots, there are a couple of things I want to touch on. Some folks are going to declare that it's unrealistic that the State Department wouldn't tell the Defense Department what it was doing. Folks this happens all the damn time! Some of it is by accident, I mean the government is a big place and it's easy for a message to get lost. Some of it is on purpose, the Defense and State Departments often jostle each other's elbows in the wilder parts of the world and neither side likes it. When they're not getting flat out framed or led down the garden path by our intelligence agencies (Which is all the time.  The CIA for example is just fucking evil on an institutional level.). It doesn't help that often one side gets blamed for the other's screw-ups on top of that. For example, Blackwater or Academi as they are currently called on their... 5th rebranding I think? You hear of them and you think of mercenaries working for the military right? They were originally hired by the State Department who wanted security independent from the Defense Department (Fun fact, they've also been hired by the Department of Homeland Security[Which is full of fash, just like the mercenaries they hire]) this left the troops often cleaning up the messes left behind often with no warning (Because the UCMJ does not apply to scum like Blackwater, the legal situation gets murky when they commit war crimes.  And that’s when the Orangenführer doesn’t pardon them.  To say nothing of the wrench they throw in diplomacy.). So trust me guys, this is completely-situation-normal. Also, I hate to say it but so is guys being left behind, at the end of the day the primary concern of a military commander is completing the mission (And broadly supporting the political interests of the state.  War is politics by other means.  Politics can include the personal and economic interests of those in power, by the way.). So despite all that 'No man left behind' marketing, people can and have been left behind. Now I'll say I've seen heroic levels of action by people on the front lines not to leave anyone behind but there's only so much you can do and Mr. Hama brings that home brutally here (Moral of the story: while your battle-siblings care what happens to you, command and indeed the state… don’t.  Unless it is convenient.{I would note that command prefers you alive and whole, but the mission comes first and if you got to go down to complete the mission, well that’s why we gave you the big life insurance policy}).  This is one of the things that Mr. Hama does to turn GI Joe from something that could have just been shilling toys to a memorable work of fiction, grounding it in reality and working to use that reality to present a story with sometimes fantastical events.  Even if it’s a bit depressing at times.  Let's... Let's turn to the B Plot. 


Back in the states, Billy has had enough of CC's crap and walks out. Ironically this seems to kill any ambition that Cobra Commander has, because he tells Fred and Raptor he's cutting out to rebuild a normal life and try to win his son's respect at least if he can't get his forgiveness (Fat chance of that.). Fred doesn't take this well and after an emotional confrontation ends up leaving Cobra Commander in a shallow grave in the woods (Nice.). It's then that Fred realizes that only a handful of people ever really knew CC so... CC could be... Anyone behind that mask. This leads to Fred deciding that if there's a Cobra Commander sized hole in Cobra's organizational chart, nothing is stopping him from turning that into a Fred sized hole and filling it (You know, I admit the gumption.). So off he heads off in Cobra Commanders new enhanced battle armor determined to hijack for himself command of the world's biggest terrorist group/secret society (or is it the world's smallest nation-state now? Hmmm). Of course, Serpentor's gonna have something to say about that but we're going to put a pin into that because this is the beginning of a giant storyline that I'll want to tackle all at once. 


Meanwhile, Billy finds himself drawn to a dojo run by a blind black man who seems to know a damn lot about Storm Shadow, aka Billy's real dad. He also finds himself with the dojo master's best student, a young lady who goes by the name Jinx. Of course, they're both members of the Arashikage Clan and they decide to take Billy to the Joes to meet up with Storm Shadow. The blind black man was none other than the Blind Master of the clan, who worked to disappear after the clan fell apart. Going so far as to have his tattoo removed. I am going to say that the Arashikage policy of adopting people outside of Japan does make sense, after all, if you're going to run a family business of being spies, assassins, and so on, you can't afford to be all the same ethnic group. On the flip side tattooing, the members of your secret society (especially on the forearm!) doesn't make sense but I suppose we needed something (It’s Comic Book Ninja Logic just roll with it.)


Our two plots collide as the Blind Master decides to help the Joes by organizing a rescue for the imprisoned Joes in Borovia. He does this by going outside of the Joe command structure (Which makes sense, because they’re stuck following orders from the DoD, which as we’ve established doesn’t give a shit about any of them.) and rounding up all the ninja and ninja adjacent characters (which is about 6 at this point since this is before the ninja bit got really out of control) faking a couple of deaths here and there and heading off to Eastern Europe for a jailbreak. What's more interesting to me is the discussions between Storm Shadow and Billy as they discuss what is a good reason for using violence and more importantly what's a good reason to even learn how to use violence (This is indeed a very good discussion to have, generally.). Storm Shadow maintains the only worthwhile reason to learn skill at violence is so that you don't have to be violent. That the best warrior is one who hates war. I can understand where he's coming from here. When you get down to the bottom of it, war is a waste. It's a waste of resources that could be used for homes, medicine, food, or education and more importantly, it's a waste of lives, health, and sanity. The only thing I can say in war's defense is sometimes humanity makes it necessary to defend your life, freedom, or home through violence. At such a point it is necessary to waste these resources and lives to prevent something worse from happening. Like for example the continuation and expansion of the American slave system, or Nazi domination of Europe (the existence of foreign colonizers and imperialists) or etc., etc., etc. The fact that there are dozens of good examples throughout human history only underscores the point. Our ninja friends will of course use fantastic amounts of wasteful violence to free the Joes from the gulags and escape into Western Europe, along the way meeting a cast of colorful characters such as the White Clown; seeking his love Magda who was arrested by the Borovian secret police and his circus crew. Whether or not the White Clown will aid them or not however is an open question as turning them in might get him the leverage he needs to free his love or at least find out her fate. 


Now some stories in this volume aren't connected to the main plot, for example, Mr. Hama continues the Terrordome saga including such things as a duel between Cobra and GI Joe in orbit! I'm going to leave those stories as discoveries for the reader though with the note that they're worth the read.  We also return to Sierra Gordo to find out that both Cobra and the Joes have been outmaneuvered by an insidious 3rd party straight from my editor's nightmares (Oh no…). But I'll leave that story for Vol VIII since most of the story takes place there. While there's a lot of setup in Vol VII, there is a complete plot here and it's a good one. Volume VII of GI Joe A Real American Hero by Larry Hama starts us out in 2021 with an A. 


Next week we look at the other work selected by our ever-wise patrons 1177 BC the year civilization collapsed by Eric H Cline.  If you like to celebrate the new year by making a change why not become one of our patrons by joining us at https://www.patreon.com/frigidreads where a dollar a month gets you a vote on our monthly poll for upcoming reviews and you can take part in discussions on possible theme months.  Like for example, February is our Philip K Dick month where we look at a story written by Mr. Dick and its many adaptations. Voting for February closes on January 31 with March's poll going up on February 1st. Hope to see you there!

Red Text is your editor Dr. Ben Allen
Black text is your reviewer Garvin Anders.