ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror
by
Michael Weiss and Hassan Hassan
As you can guess this is another nonfiction book about the
middle east. If all you were doing was going off this blog I suppose
you could be excused for thinking I was very focused on it. In a way
I guess I kinda am. I served in the Marines (I think that's been
mentioned a lot here) and the climax of that service was the Iraq
invasion of 2003. I wasn't in Iraq very long. So you would think
that would be a very minor part of my life. It is and remains a
pivotal moment in my life. Much of who am I and what I've become is
because of Iraq and because that I think my gaze in one way or
another may always be drawn back to the middle east. Metaphorically
speaking. That's all I really want to say on that front.
Written
by Michael Weiss and Hassan Hassan, both these men are very
experienced journalists and writers who have appeared in Foreign
Policy, the Guardian, the New York Times and other papers. Now one
might wonder if it might be to soon to analysis ISIS. I can
understand that view but here's my stance. While it may be to soon
to analysis the effects of ISIS or to write even the middle chapter
of it's existence. It is no where close to soon to start analyzing
it's history and it's structure. That's how we learn about them and
to quote Sun Tzu here, “If you know the enemy and know yourself,
you need not fear the result of a hundred battles.”
In Iraq we did not know our
enemy and look what happened. It's time to start addressing that
flaw.
Either way Weiss and Hassan have convinced me in this book that to
soon or not, they are capable of doing the job. To get the
information for this book they used the connections and skills built
up from years of covering the middle east to interview members of the
Syrian and Iraqi Government, ISIS members both those who left and
those still in the organization, various middle eastern analysis, US
military offices and people who live in the areas in question.
Additionally they sourced a vast number of articles and other written
sources to put together this book. Each of these sources are listed
in the notes pages (divided by chapter quoted in as well) which are
over 20 pages. This is the first time I've mentioned this but I just
found that fairly impressive. Especially since a good number of the
other ISIS books I found were political screeds that could be summed
up in the words “Thanks Obama,” you may in fact be able to hear
me roll my eyes at that but this review isn't about American
politics.
Side Note: I prefer to use the Arabic name for the organization of
Daesh (which in Arabic also has implications of thuggishness and
brutality making it a perfect fit) but the book uses ISIS, so I will
in this review to prevent confusion.
The book covers the origins of ISIS and it's “founding fathers,”
many of whom were members of Al Qeada or the Saddam government. It
traces the ideological underpinnings of the movement (in this it goes
all the way back to Abdullah Azzam a mentor of Osama Bin Laden who
published works arguing Muslims must expel all occupying armies in
Islamic lands), it's embracing of Takfirism (a Takfiri being a Muslim
who accuses other Muslims of apostasy basically) and it's evolution
away from the doctrine set down by Osama Bin Laden. In face it may
shock you to learn that Osama was a moderate Jihadists. In this book
you'll meet the guys who thought he didn't go far enough. This book
also details the shady deals that ISIS has cut with the remains of
the Saddam government. Mostly the men who put in charge of the gray
and official black markets (seriously how do you have a government
sanctioned black market? What is this shit?). Many of these men
started out secular but found religion in the 1990s. ISIS encourages
that to whole new levels. This is one of the more interesting parts
of the book (although if you're like me you'll have to write down the
names to keep them straight) that reaches back decades upon decades
ago to trace out the inter-linkage between Al Qeada, ISIS and the
Baathist of Iraq. A lot of it is economic and I'll get to that
later.
This book also discusses the history of ISIS, it starts as a part of
Al Qeada in Iraq, it survives the Awaking in Sunni Iraq by going
underground and waiting and is protected and fed by the Assad regime
in Syria looking to use it as a boogeyman. A very dark moment in
this book was when I learned that the US prisons in Iraq were
considered wonderful recruiting grounds and educational organizations
by the various Jihadists. I delivered men to those prisons and I
find even more reasons to feel grief about it now. Not that the
prisons of Assad were any better. Many of ISIS's best troops and low
level leaders were recruited in either prison system and neither
side was very capable in even slowing this process. Going through
this part really made me want a drink. There also a discussion on
the tribal system, Arabic tribes remain major players in that part of
the world and a government must either work with that fact or face
trouble for the rest of it's days. The Awakening was the US working
with that fact, deciding to stop pretending the tribes didn't matter
and enlisting them whole sale. We basically did this by offering
them positions within the government and paid jobs. Many young men
from the tribes were hired to be the local security, which they were
doing anyways, hiring them just meant that they would now side with
us instead of Al Qeada. This happened right when the forefathers of
ISIS got to big for their britches and decided they could run
roughshod over the various tribes and treat them as conquered
vassals. That didn't work out to well for them and they found
themselves rebuilding in Syria, where Assad thought he could use them
as a threat to force the US to talk to him.
Speaking of Assad, the book gives a real in depth at everything
Assad has done to nurture and strengthen ISIS. No, I didn't mistype
this. ISIS when the Syrian civil war started was the ragged remains
of a Al Qeada organization that only survived because Assad wasn't
gonna arrest all of them without at least some kind of a bribe from
Washington. When the revolution turned violent, mainly because
people who go to funerals and get machined gun tend to have dark
violent thoughts, Assad did everything he could to make sure that the
rebellion would have a Islamist, Sunni character. Including
releasing every Islamist Jihad fighter and preacher he ever arrested
and making sure they could get guns. I had to reread this chapter
because the first time I literally could not follow the logic of what
even now seems a move of pure insanity.
In the end, I think it springs from Assad's overconfidence. Which
has marred his stragerty repeatedly during the war. Assad believed
that the biggest threats to his rule were a Libyan style western
invention (which I think was unlikely even then) and/or the various
minority groups deciding to jump ship and ally with the Sunni. The
second one I kinda get because the majority of the Sunni had already
decided to wreck his shit if they got a shot. So if the Christians,
Kurds and other minorities decided fuck it... Well he would be up
shit creek. Assad figured the best way to do that would be to ensure
that the rebellion was full of religious lunatics (I say as a
practicing religious man myself) who were burning for the chance to
kill them all. His sells pitch to the minorities and to the West
being “Look it's either me, or a bunch of howling savages bent on
genocide and slavery, who do you want?” These days I'm wondering
if maybe his plan might have gone a bit to well. That said, it has
had some success. The west has refused to this date to support fully
any rebel faction (although money and weapons do get sent out from
time to time) and while the Kurds have gone their own way, the
Christians and other Muslim sects are hanging pretty close to Assad,
you know to keep from being hung. Hell for that matter on Space
battles and other forums, I've seen plenty of reasonable people argue
that Assad is the best person to support. Personally I think we've
supported to many mass murdering torturing rapists as it is, so we
should let the Russians and the Iranians spend money and lives to
keep his ass on the throne if they want to. To be honest my ideal
solution to this whole mess would be to tie Assad's and Al Baghdadi's
left hands together, throw them in a room with a single knife, lock
the door and never open it again. But that wouldn't do anything
expect make me and a lot of other people feel better I think.
But wait! That's not all, also covered is a brief civil war within
a civil war when the other major factions in the rebellion (including
Al Nursa of all people, I mean God Help Us all, we're cheering on Al
Nursa, that's how fucked up this is!) decided they had had enough of
ISIS (who they accused of not doing a lot of fighting against Assad,
but very happy to steal turf from other rebels). This fight took
place last year in 2014. The FSA, Al Nursa and a lot of other
factions all got together and attacked ISIS. ISIS started having to
pull back but was winning a lot of the fights. That's when Assad
jumped in and attacked everyone who wasn't ISIS... Given the recent
actions by ISIS to overrun a number of important military bases...
If I was a Syrian Army General, I would be very unhappy with my boss.
To be fair, I think of to many people who should be happy with
Assad. He has basically hand raised a monster and unleashed it on
the people on Syria, to either scourge them for wanting to be free or
to force them into needing his protection. I really can't over state
my contempt for these kind of tactics. Before you say they worked,
I'll remind you the war isn't over yet and it's been going worse and
worse for Assad.
The book also takes a look at the economics of ISIS and how they
govern their territory. They raise money by a combination of
charging for services and instituting strict price controls to
prevent gouging or profiteering. They also seize the assets of
anyone who is convicted in their religious courts. All those folks
who have been beheaded or fled? ISIS has helped itself to their
stuff (and in some cases their family members). ISIS also uses a
number of black market connections inherited from Saddam officers who
joined up back when the US first invaded. They of course ruthlessly
murder all their competitors when they get a chance, but that
shouldn't surprise anyone. An interesting thing to note it that
ISIS also makes cash by selling artifacts and antiques mainly
smuggling them into Turkey for sell to private collectors. Finding
out this has put their rampant destruction of archaeological sites
into a new context for me and a less flattering one. See by
destroying these sites, they're driving up the price of the artifacts
they sell. Don't get me wrong there's certainly a manic zeal for
destroying all traces of non Islamic life and a rampant disregard for
their fellow man (what can you expect from a band of slavers
anyways?) but there's also some underhand calculation going on here.
Of course the main source of revenue is... Oil they sell to Assad...
Reading this book has led me to question if Assad understands which
side ISIS is on?
We also get a peek into how ISIS governs and expands. ISIS gains
popularity in areas by moving in slowly first getting rid of bandits
and abusive individuals (many FSA units had turned to theft and ISIS
clamped on that). As they slowly become the strongest force in the
region they add more and more Islamic rules until the people there
realize they're living in a theocracy run by armed lunatics. ISIS is
also willing to embrace the tribal system, making allies within
tribes by giving them positions and putting armed men at their
command with the provision that they keep order and follow ISIS'
rules. There has been scattered resistance to their rule within
these territories but for the most part, ISIS's willingness to resort
to swift, savage force has cowed most people. ISIS also maintains a
strong PR machine aimed both at it's captive population and at
possible recruits outside their borders. They even adopted a
motto... Don't Hear About Us, Hear From Us.
ISIS Inside the Army of Terror gets an A. Clearly deeply
researched and drawing from 1st, 2nd and even
3rd hand sources to create a picture of what ISIS is,
where it came from and what it wants.